Recombinant Human Interleukin-1 beta (rhIL-1b) is a secreted pro-inflammatory cytokine belonging to the IL-1 family, produced primarily by activated monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. The human IL-1b precursor (pro-IL-1b, 269 amino acids) is synthesized as an inactive cytoplasmic protein that undergoes proteolytic cleavage by caspase-1 (IL-1b–converting enzyme) to yield the mature 17 kDa cytokine.

IL-2/IL-2R signaling is required for T-cell proliferation and other fundamental functions which are essential for the immune response.

The human IL-3 reported to be a monomer. Specifically, human and murine IL-3 share low homology and it does not show activity on murine cells.

The human IL-6 is a single non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 183 amino acids and it signals through a cell-surface type I cytokine receptor complex consisting of the ligand-binding IL-6Rα chain (CD126), and the signal- transducing component gp130 (also called CD130).

IL-11 receptor activation requires formation of a complex of two IL-11 molecules with two molecules of the ligand-binding IL-11Rα subunit and two molecules of the expressed cell signaling β subunit, gp130.

This product is for research use only. It is not approved for use in humans, animals, or in vitro diagnostic procedures.

This product is for research use only. It is not approved for use in humans, animals, or in vitro diagnostic procedures.

This product is for research use only. It is not approved for use in humans, animals, or in vitro diagnostic procedures.

This product is for research use only. It is not approved for use in humans, animals, or in vitro diagnostic procedures.

Recombinant Human Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha is not approved for use in humans, animals, or in vitro diagnostic procedures. Research use only: